Routing for UAS691
intro1 (intro)
In January 2025, Los Angeles experienced a series of devastating wildfires and an intense windstorm that caused damage and pollution in the region. The following survey asks about your experiences of the January wildfires and how you’ve been doing since the wildfires.
We are asking these questions of people across the LA area. We know people have had very different experiences, some of them stressful or traumatic, others less so. We feel it is important to capture and represent all of these experiences, to help inform policy and communications in the future.
uas685_endtime := getUASPreload(685, "endtime")
if uas685_endtime = response then
preload_phq4a := getUASPreload(685, "phq4a")
preload_phq4b := getUASPreload(685, "phq4b")
preload_phq4c := getUASPreload(685, "phq4c")
preload_phq4d := getUASPreload(685, "phq4d")
preload_pss4_1 := getUASPreload(685, "pss4_1")
preload_pss4_2 := getUASPreload(685, "pss4_2")
preload_pss4_3 := getUASPreload(685, "pss4_3")
preload_pss4_4 := getUASPreload(685, "pss4_4")
preload_LE_HRS_srh1 := getUASPreload(685, "LE_HRS_srh1")
End of if
uas637_endtime := getUASPreload(637, "endtime")
if uas637_endtime = response then
FLLivDate := getSpanishDate(uas637_endtime)
preload_pu001 := getUASPreload(637, "pu001")
preload_pu002 := getUASPreload(637, "pu002")
preload_pu009 := getUASPreload(637, "pu009")
preload_pu010 := getUASPreload(637, "pu010")
preload_pu011 := getUASPreload(637, "pu011")
End of if
if preload_LE_HRS_srh1 = empty OR preload_phq4a = empty OR preload_phq4b = empty OR preload_phq4c = empty OR preload_phq4d = empty OR preload_pss4_1 = empty OR preload_pss4_2 = empty OR preload_pss4_3 = empty OR preload_pss4_4 = empty then
mental_intro
First, we'd like to learn a little more about how you’re thinking and feeling in general.
if preload_LE_HRS_srh1 = empty then
LE_HRS_srh1 (overall health)
Would you say your health is excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor?
1 Excellent
2 Very good
3 Good
4 Fair
5 Poor
End of if
if preload_phq4a = empty OR preload_phq4b = empty OR preload_phq4c = empty OR preload_phq4d = empty then
Group of questions presented on the same screen
phq_intro2
Over the past fourteen days, how often have you been bothered by any of the following problems?
Subgroup of questions
phq4a (Feeling nervous, anxious, or on edge)
Feeling nervous, anxious, or on edge
1 Not at all
2 Several days
3 More than half the days
4 Nearly every day
phq4b (Not being able to stop or control worrying)
Not being able to stop or control worrying
1 Not at all
2 Several days
3 More than half the days
4 Nearly every day
phq4c (Feeling down, depressed, or hopeless)
Feeling down, depressed, or hopeless
1 Not at all
2 Several days
3 More than half the days
4 Nearly every day
phq4d (Little interest or pleasure in doing things)
Little interest or pleasure in doing things
1 Not at all
2 Several days
3 More than half the days
4 Nearly every day
End of subgroup of questions
End of group of questions
End of if
if preload_pss4_1 = empty OR preload_pss4_2 = empty OR preload_pss4_3 = empty OR preload_pss4_4 = empty then
Group of questions presented on the same screen
pss_intro
For the next questions, please now think about your feelings and thoughts during the last month (over the last 4 weeks).
Subgroup of questions
pss4_1 (unable to control important things)
In the last month, how often have you felt that you were unable to control the important things in your life?
1 Never
2 Almost never
3 Sometimes
4 Fairly often
5 Very often
pss4_2 (confident handling personal problems)
In the last month, how often have you felt confident about your ability to handle your personal problems?
1 Never
2 Almost never
3 Sometimes
4 Fairly often
5 Very often
pss4_3 (felt things going your way)
In the last month, how often have you felt that things were going your way?
1 Never
2 Almost never
3 Sometimes
4 Fairly often
5 Very often
pss4_4 (difficulties piling up)
In the last month, how often have you felt difficulties were piling up so high that you could not overcome them?
1 Never
2 Almost never
3 Sometimes
4 Fairly often
5 Very often
End of subgroup of questions
End of group of questions
End of if
mental_intro2
Now we would like to understand how you are thinking and feeling about the recent wildfires and windstorm in Los Angeles.
Else
mental_intro3
First we would like to understand how you are thinking and feeling about the recent wildfires and windstorm in Los Angeles.
End of if
ptsd001 (scare or stressful event in past month)
Have you experienced any of the following in the past month? Please select all that apply.
1 Had nightmares about the January wildfires or thought about them when you did not want to
2 Tried hard not to think about the January wildfires or went out of your way to avoid situations that reminded you of them
3 Been constantly on guard, watchful, or easily startled
4 Felt numb or detached from people, activities, or your surroundings
5 Felt guilty or unable to stop blaming yourself or others for the January wildfires or any problems the wildfires may have caused
6 None of the above
7 Prefer not to answer
Group of questions presented on the same screen
worry1_intro
Using the scale below, please indicate the degree to which you have had these thoughts and feelings since the January wildfires in Los Angeles.
Subgroup of questions
worry001a (I can't stop thinking about the wildfires)
I can't stop thinking about the wildfires
1 Not at all
2 To a slight degree
3 To a moderate degree
4 To a great degree
5 All the time
worry001b (I believe there is nothing I can do to prevent wildfires from harming me or my home)
I believe there is nothing I can do to prevent wildfires from harming me or my home
1 Not at all
2 To a slight degree
3 To a moderate degree
4 To a great degree
5 All the time
End of subgroup of questions
End of group of questions
worry002 (how concerned about impact of pollution from January wildfires on health)
To what extent, if at all, are you concerned about air pollution from the January wildfires affecting your personal health?
1 Not at all concerned
2 Slightly concerned
3 Somewhat concerned
4 Moderately concerned
5 Very concerned
worry003 (how concerned about water or ground pollution)
To what extent, if at all, are you concerned about water or ground pollution from the January wildfires affecting your personal health?
1 Not at all concerned
2 Slightly concerned
3 Somewhat concerned
4 Moderately concerned
5 Very concerned
worry004 (how worried life was in danger)
During your most concerning moments of the January wildfires and windstorm, to what extent, if at all, were you worried that your life was in immediate danger?
1 Not at all worried
2 Slightly worried
3 Somewhat worried
4 Moderately worried
5 Extremely worried
worry005 (how worried household member life was in danger)
During your most concerning moments of the January wildfires and windstorm, to what extent, if at all, were you worried that a loved one's life was in immediate danger?
1 Not at all worried
2 Slightly worried
3 Somewhat worried
4 Moderately worried
5 Extremely worried
Group of questions presented on the same screen
fire001_intro (any impacts because of wildfires)
Did you experience any of the following as a result of the January 2025 wildfires, windstorm, or related pollution?
Please think of your home as the place where you were living at the time. This could have been a house, condo, apartment, senior living facility, dorm, vehicle, tent, etc.
Subgroup of questions
fire001a (Left or evacuated from home )
Left or evacuated from home
1 (YES) Yes
2 (NO) No
fire001b (Received an evacuation order or warning)
Received an evacuation order or warning
1 (YES) Yes
2 (NO) No
fire001c (Home was lost, destroyed or damaged (including downed trees or tree limbs, flooded basement, roof leak))
Home was lost, destroyed or damaged (including downed trees or tree limbs, flooded basement, roof leak)
1 (YES) Yes
2 (NO) No
fire001d (Possessions were lost, destroyed or damaged)
Possessions were lost, destroyed or damaged
1 (YES) Yes
2 (NO) No
fire001e (Home lost power, water, or other utilities)
Home lost power, water, or other utilities
1 (YES) Yes
2 (NO) No
fire001f (Physical injury (e.g. broken bone, sprain, burn, etc.))
Physical injury (e.g. broken bone, sprain, burn, etc.)
1 (YES) Yes
2 (NO) No
fire001g (Physical or mental health problem (e.g. asthma attack, stroke, anxiety, etc.))
Physical or mental health problem (e.g. asthma attack, stroke, anxiety, etc.)
1 (YES) Yes
2 (NO) No
fire001h (Was unable to get needed medications)
Was unable to get needed medications
1 (YES) Yes
2 (NO) No
fire001i (Was unable to get needed medical care from a doctor or hospital)
Was unable to get needed medical care from a doctor or hospital
1 (YES) Yes
2 (NO) No
fire001j (Lost income or savings)
Lost income or savings
1 (YES) Yes
2 (NO) No
fire001k (Was unable to afford essential expenses)
Was unable to afford essential expenses
1 (YES) Yes
2 (NO) No
fire001l (Took on additional debt)
Took on additional debt
1 (YES) Yes
2 (NO) No
fire001m (Did not have adequate food for family)
Did not have adequate food for family
1 (YES) Yes
2 (NO) No
fire001n (Did not have adequate childcare)
Did not have adequate childcare
1 (YES) Yes
2 (NO) No
fire001o (Child's school or daycare was damaged or destroyed)
Child's school or daycare was damaged or destroyed
1 (YES) Yes
2 (NO) No
fire001p (other impact)
Other
1 (YES) Yes
2 (NO) No
End of subgroup of questions
End of group of questions
if fire001b = 1 then
fire011 (kind of evacuation alert(s) received)
In the prior question, you indicated that you received an evacuation alert or warning during the January wildfires. In addition to correct evacuation alerts that were sent to evacuation zones, some incorrect alerts were also sent to areas that were not evacuation zones.
What kind of evacuation alert(s) did you receive? Please check all that apply.
1 Correct evacuation alert - I was in an evacuation zone
2 Incorrect evacuation alert - I was not in an evacuation zone
3 Not sure
End of if
if fire001p = 1 then
fire001_other (other impacts because of wildfires)
What other experience did you have as a result of the January 2025 wildfires, windstorm, or related pollution?
STRING
End of if
Group of questions presented on the same screen
work001 (employment status on January 1, 2025)
Which statement best reflects your employment status on January 1, 2025, before the January wildfires and windstorm? Please check all that apply.
1 Working
2 Temporarily laid off from my job
3 On sick leave or other leave from my job
4 Unemployed and looking for work
5 Unemployed and not looking for work
6 Retired
7 Student
8 None of these, please specify:
work001_other (other employment status on January 1, 2025)
STRING
End of group of questions
if 1 in work001 then
Group of questions presented on the same screen
work002 (work related impacts wildfires)
Did you experience any of the following work-related consequences as a result of the January wildfires, windstorm, or related pollution? Please check all that apply.
1 Place where I work was lost, destroyed, or damaged
2 Place where I work closed temporarily or permanently
3 I could not commute to work (due to vehicle loss, road closures, delays, etc.)
4 I took time off or missed work
5 My employer cut or reduced my work hours
6 I was temporarily laid off
7 I lost work opportunities
8 I lost my job
9 I quit or resigned from my job
10 Other, please specify:
11 None of the above
work002_other (other work related impacts wildfires)
STRING
End of group of questions
if work002 = response and work002 != 11 then
work003 ( lose income as a result of missed work hours or opportunities)
Did you lose income as a result of the work hours or opportunities you missed due to the January wildfires, windstorm, or related pollution?
1 Yes
2 No
3 I don't know
End of if
End of if
Group of questions presented on the same screen
work004 (employment status today)
Which statement best reflects your employment status today? Please check all that apply.
1 Working
2 Temporarily laid off from my job
3 On sick leave or other leave from my job
4 Unemployed and looking for work
5 Unemployed and not looking for work
6 Retired
7 Student
8 None of these, please specify:
work004_other (other employment status today)
STRING
End of group of questions
if 1 in work001 and 1 in work002 then
work005 (destroyed workplace personal business)
You indicated that the place where you work was lost, destroyed, or damaged due to the January fires. Was this your personal business (a business you own)?
1 (YES) Yes
2 (NO) No
work006 (extent workplace damage result of wildfires)
To what extent was the place where you work destroyed or damaged as a result of the January fires, windstorm, and related pollution?
1 Place was destroyed
2 Place was damaged beyond repair
3 Place was damaged but may be repairable
4 Extent of damage is still unclear
End of if
Else
fire002 (wildfires cause evacuation)
Did the January 2025 wildfires, windstorm, or related pollution cause you to evacuate or leave your home?
Please think of your home as the place where you were living at the time. This could have been a house, condo, apartment, shelter, tent, rehabilitation facility, dorm, vehicle, etc.
1 (YES) Yes
2 (NO) No
if fire002 = 1 then
End of if
End of if
if fire2a = 1 then
Group of questions presented on the same screen
fire003 (specific causes for evacuation)
You indicated that the January wildfires, windstorm, or pollution caused you to evacuate or leave your home.
What, specifically, caused you to leave your home? Please check all that apply.
1 Mandatory evacuation order
2 Evacuation warning
3 No evacuation warning or order but fire nearby
4 Fire damage to home
5 Bad air quality
6 Loss of electrical power or other utilities
7 Other, please specify:
fire003_other (other specific causes for evacuation)
STRING
End of group of questions
Group of questions presented on the same screen
fire006 (where stay after leaving home)
Where did you stay after leaving your home? Please check all that apply if you stayed in more than one place.
1 With friends or family
2 Temporary or emergency homeless shelter
3 Evacuation shelter or center
4 Place that you already owned/rented prior to the wildfires
5 Vacant home of a friend, relative, or acquaintance
6 Vehicle (car, van, truck, RV)
7 Outside (in a tent or public place)
8 Hotel, motel, Airbnb, or other vacation rental
9 New home or place that you rented as a result of the wildfires
10 New home or place that you purchased as a result of the wildfires
11 Other, please specify:
fire006_other (other where stay after leaving home)
STRING
End of group of questions
End of if
if fire001c = 1 then
fire007 (extent home damaged during wildfires)
To what extent was your home damaged during the January wildfires and windstorm?
1 Home was destroyed
2 Home was damaged beyond repair
3 Home was damaged but may be repairable
4 Extent of damage is still unclear
End of if
if fire001d = 1 OR (fire001c = 1 AND fire007 in [1,2,3,4]) then
fire008 (extent contents of home damaged during wildfires)
To what extent were the contents of your home (such as your furniture, appliances, and personal items) damaged during the January wildfires and windstorm, not including any items you took with you?
1 All contents were destroyed or damaged
2 Some contents were destroyed or damaged and some were not
3 Nothing was destroyed or damaged
End of if
fire009 (any buildings near home damaged)
Were any buildings near your home - on your block, or within one to two blocks of your home - damaged or destroyed by the January wildfires or windstorm? Please check all that apply.
1 Yes, nearby buildings were destroyed
2 Yes, nearby buildings were damaged
3 No, nearby buildings were neither damaged nor destroyed
if (fire001e = 1 OR (fire002 = 1 AND 6 in fire003)) AND (not(fire001c = 1) OR (fire001c = 1 and fire007 != 1)) then
fire010 (how long home without power or other utilities)
How long did your home go without power or other utilities (water, gas, etc.)?
1 Utility loss was intermittent (for example, lights went on and off)
2 1-5 hours
3 6-12 hours
4 13-24 hours
5 More than 24 hours
6 Not sure
End of if
Group of questions presented on the same screen
h001 (health symptoms since January 2025)
Since the beginning of the wildfires in January 2025, have you experienced the onset of any of the following symptoms or health problems, either temporarily or still persisting? By "onset" we mean new symptoms or problems you did not have before the wildfires.
1 Coughing
2 Trouble breathing
3 Wheezing
4 Asthma attack
5 Stinging eyes
6 Scratchy throat
7 Runny nose
8 Irritated sinuses
9 Headaches
10 Tiredness
11 Chest pain
12 Trouble sleeping
13 Trouble concentrating
14 Panic attack, anxiety, or depression
15 Other mental health episode
16 Physical injury (e.g. broken bone, sprain, burn)
17 High blood pressure or hypertension
18 COPD flare-up
19 Heart attack, seizure, or stroke
20 Other, please specify:
21 None of the above
h001_other (other health symptoms since January 2025)
STRING
End of group of questions
if h001 = response and h001 != 21 then
Group of questions presented on the same screen
h003_intro (health symptom result of January fires)
Did you see a doctor or other medical provider for any of these symptoms or health problems?
Subgroup of questions
if 1 in h001 then
h003a (Coughing visit doctor or hospital)
Coughing
1 Yes
2 No
3 Not sure
End of if
if 2 in h001 then
h003b (Trouble breathing visit doctor or hospital)
Trouble breathing
1 Yes
2 No
3 Not sure
End of if
if 3 in h001 then
h003c (Wheezing visit doctor or hospital)
Wheezing
1 Yes
2 No
3 Not sure
End of if
if 4 in h001 then
h003d (Asthma attacks visit doctor or hospital)
Asthma attacks
1 Yes
2 No
3 Not sure
End of if
if 5 in h001 then
h003e (Stinging eyes visit doctor or hospital)
Stinging eyes
1 Yes
2 No
3 Not sure
End of if
if 6 in h001 then
h003f (Scratchy throat visit doctor or hospital)
Scratchy throat
1 Yes
2 No
3 Not sure
End of if
if 7 in h001 then
h003g (Runny nose visit doctor or hospital)
Runny nose
1 Yes
2 No
3 Not sure
End of if
if 8 in h001 then
h003h (Irritated sinuses visit doctor or hospital)
Irritated sinuses
1 Yes
2 No
3 Not sure
End of if
if 9 in h001 then
h003i (Headaches visit doctor or hospital)
Headaches
1 Yes
2 No
3 Not sure
End of if
if 10 in h001 then
h003j (Tiredness visit doctor or hospital)
Tiredness
1 Yes
2 No
3 Not sure
End of if
if 11 in h001 then
h003k (Chest pain visit doctor or hospital)
Chest pain
1 Yes
2 No
3 Not sure
End of if
if 12 in h001 then
h003l (Trouble sleeping visit doctor or hospital)
Trouble sleeping
1 Yes
2 No
3 Not sure
End of if
if 13 in h001 then
h003m (Trouble concentrating visit doctor or hospital)
Trouble concentrating
1 Yes
2 No
3 Not sure
End of if
if 14 in h001 then
h003n (Panic attack, anxiety, or depression visit doctor or hospital)
Panic attack, anxiety, or depression
1 Yes
2 No
3 Not sure
End of if
if 15 in h001 then
h003o (Other mental health episode concentrating visit doctor or hospital)
Other mental health episode
1 Yes
2 No
3 Not sure
End of if
if 16 in h001 then
h003p (Physical injury visit doctor or hospital)
Physical injury (e.g. broken bone, sprain, burn)
1 Yes
2 No
3 Not sure
End of if
if 17 in h001 then
h003q (High blood pressure or hypertension visit doctor or hospital)
High blood pressure or hypertension
1 Yes
2 No
3 Not sure
End of if
if 18 in h001 then
h003t (COPD flare-up visit doctor or hospital)
COPD flare-up
1 Yes
2 No
3 Not sure
End of if
if 19 in h001 then
h003r (Heart attack, seizure, or stroke visit doctor or hospital)
Heart attack, seizure, or stroke
1 Yes
2 No
3 Not sure
End of if
if 20 in h001 then
h003s (Other health symptom visit doctor or hospital)
Other ([other health symptoms since January 2025[]])
1 Yes
2 No
3 Not sure
End of if
End of subgroup of questions
End of group of questions
End of if
Group of questions presented on the same screen
cm001 (know anyone injured or died from fires)
Do you personally know anyone (else) who died or suffered a serious personal injury or health emergency as a result of the January wildfires, windstorm, or pollution? Please check all that apply.
1 No one
2 Family member(s)
3 Close friend(s)
4 Coworker or client or colleague(s)
5 Acquaintance or neighbor(s)
6 Pet
7 Other, please specify:
cm001_other (other know anyone injured or died from fires)
STRING
End of group of questions
Group of questions presented on the same screen
cm002 (know anyone who evacuated home)
Do you personally know anyone (else) who evacuated their home either temporarily or permanently as a result of the January wildfires, windstorm, or pollution? Please check all that apply.
1 No one
2 Family member(s)
3 Close friend(s)
4 Coworker or client or colleague(s)
5 Acquaintance or neighbor(s)
6 Other, please specify:
cm002_other (other know anyone who evacuated home)
STRING
End of group of questions
Group of questions presented on the same screen
cm003 (know anyone who lost home from fires)
Do you personally know anyone (else) whose home was damaged or destroyed as a result of the January wildfires, windstorm, or pollution? Please check all that apply.
1 No one
2 Family member(s)
3 Close friend(s)
4 Coworker or client or colleague(s)
5 Acquaintance or neighbor(s)
6 Other, please specify:
cm003_other (other know anyone who lost home from fires)
STRING
End of group of questions
if cm003 != 1 then
ss003 (provide housing to anyone who evacuated or left home)
Did you provide housing to anyone who evacuated or left their home as a result of the January fires? Please check all that apply.
1 Yes, they stayed with me in my home
2 Yes, I housed them in another place that I rent or own
3 No
if 1 in ss003 or 2 in ss003 then
if 1 in ss003 then
ss004 (how many people stayed with in home)
How many people stayed with you in your home?
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
9 9
10 10 or more
End of if
if (1 in ss003 AND ss004 > 0) OR 2 in ss003 then
ss005 (still housing some or all of people)
Are you still housing some or all of these people?
1 (YES) Yes
2 (NO) No
End of if
End of if
End of if
ss006 (donate food, clothing, or money to relief efforts related to January fires)
Did you donate food, clothing, or money to any organizations to support wildfire relief efforts ? Examples: American Red Cross, California Fire Foundation, YMCA, a local store with a donation bin, etc.
1 (YES) Yes
2 (NO) No
ss007 (donate food, clothing, or money to individuals)
Did you give food, clothing, or money directly to any individuals impacted by the January wildfires?
1 (YES) Yes
2 (NO) No
ss008 (organize or volunteer for any relief efforts related to January fires)
Did you organize or volunteer for any relief efforts related to the January fires?
1 (YES) Yes
2 (NO) No
sc_intro
Now, please think about the friends or family members you could have turned to in times of need over the last month, since the January wildfires.
Group of questions presented on the same screen
ss001_intro
In the past month, if you needed it, how often would someone have been available...
Subgroup of questions
ss001a (anyone to take to doctor)
To take you to the doctor?
1 Always
2 Sometimes
3 Rarely
4 Never
ss001b (anyone to prepare meals if unable to do it)
To prepare your meals if you are unable to do it yourself?
1 Always
2 Sometimes
3 Rarely
4 Never
ss001c (anyone to help with daily chores if sick)
To help with daily chores if you were sick?
1 Always
2 Sometimes
3 Rarely
4 Never
End of subgroup of questions
End of group of questions
Group of questions presented on the same screen
ss002_intro
In the past month, if you needed it, how often would someone have been available...
Subgroup of questions
ss002a (anyone to give good advice about crisis)
To give you good advice about a crisis?
1 Always
2 Sometimes
3 Rarely
4 Never
ss002b (anyone to confide in or talk to about self or problems)
To confide in or talk to about yourself or your problems?
1 Always
2 Sometimes
3 Rarely
4 Never
ss002c (anyone who understands problems)
Who understands your problems?
1 Always
2 Sometimes
3 Rarely
4 Never
End of subgroup of questions
End of group of questions
Group of questions presented on the same screen
protect001 (any preparations before January 2025)
Before January 2025, had you done any of the following to prepare for a natural disaster like a wildfire or earthquake?
1 Trimmed the trees/bushes or cleared debris around your home
2 Hardened or fireproofed your home’s interior or exterior (by adding fire-resistant materials, ember seals, etc.)
3 Assembled an emergency kit or "go-bag"
4 Stockpiled food or water
5 Purchased or obtained an air purifier
6 Created an emergency evacuation plan
7 Conducted a fire drill at home
8 Other, please specify:
9 None of the above
protect001_other (other preparations before January 2025)
STRING
End of group of questions
Group of questions presented on the same screen
protect002 (any preparations after wind and fire advisories January 2025)
When wind and fire advisories were first issued in early January 2025 - before any wildfires had started - did you do any of the following to prepare for a potential wildfire?
1 Trimmed the trees/bushes or cleared debris around your home
2 Hardened or fireproofed your home’s interior or exterior (by adding fire-resistant materials, ember seals, etc.)
3 Assembled an emergency kit or “go-bag”
4 Stockpiled food or water
5 Purchased or obtained an air purifier
6 Created an emergency evacuation plan
7 Conducted a fire drill at home
8 Filled your car(s) with gas
9 Other, please specify:
10 None of the above
protect002_other (other preparations after wind and fire advisories January 2025)
STRING
End of group of questions
Group of questions presented on the same screen
protect003 (any preparations during or after the January 2025 wildfires)
During or after the January 2025 wildfires, did you take any of the following actions to keep yourself safe from pollution or harm? Only consider actions that you took or decisions that you made personally during or after the wildfires.
1 Limited time outdoors
2 Worked or studied from home
3 Took time off from work
4 Purchased or obtained an air purifier
5 Used an air purifier
6 Monitored indoor air quality with a device
7 Checked local air quality reports
8 Listened to local news or radio for fire updates
9 Checked local government websites for fire updates
10 Shut off the gas at home
11 Wore a face mask indoors
12 Wore a face mask outdoors
13 Canceled or postponed work or school activities
14 Canceled or postponed personal or social activities
15 Visited a doctor
16 Canceled a doctor’s appointment
17 Boiled water or drank only bottled water
18 Stockpiled food or water
19 Prayed
20 Prepared an emergency kit or "go-bag"
21 Trimmed the trees/bushes or cleared debris around your home
22 Hardened or fireproofed your home’s interior or exterior (by adding fire-resistant materials, ember seals, etc.)
23 Created an emergency evacuation plan
24 Conducted a fire drill at home
25 Filled your car(s) with gas
26 Other, please specify:
27 None of the above
protect003_other (other preparations during or after the January 2025 wildfires)
STRING
End of group of questions
if sizeof(news001_order) = 0 then
news001_order := shuffleArray(array(1 => 1, 2 => 2, 3 => 3, 4 => 4, 5 => 5, 6 => 6, 7 => 7, 8 => 8, 9 => 9, 10 => 10, 11 => 11, 12 => 12, 13 => 13, 14 => 14, 15 => 15, 16 => 16, 17 => 17, 18 => 18, 19 => 19, 20 => 20))
End of if
news001 (information sources used)
Which of the following information sources have you used to learn about the January wildfires, windstorm, and related impacts since they began?
1 California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CalFire)
2 LA County Fire Department (LAFD)
3 LA County Sheriff’s Department
4 City of LA Fire Department
5 LA County Department of Public Health
6 Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
7 California Governor Gavin Newsom
8 LA Mayor Karen Bass
9 Watch Duty app or other fire-tracking app
10 Social media (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, TikTok, etc.)
11 Your close friends or members of your family
12 Your coworkers, classmates, or other acquaintances
13 Your physician
14 Local radio news
15 Local TV news
16 Cable News (Fox News, CNN, MSNBC)
17 Network News (NBC, ABC, CBS)
18 National newspapers (Los Angeles Times, New York Times, Washington Post, etc.)
19 President Biden
20 President Trump
21 None of the above
protect004 (any actions last seven days to keep safe from pollution or other damage)
Have you done any of the following the last seven days to keep yourself safe from pollution or other damage caused by the January wildfires? Only consider actions that you took or decisions that you made personally.
1 Used an air purifier
2 Monitored indoor air quality with a device
3 Checked local air quality reports
4 Wore a face mask indoors
5 Wore a face mask outdoors
6 Boiled water or drank only bottled water
7 None of the above
if preload_pu001 in [1,2,3,4,5,9,10,11] then
hs001 (place living on record still place before January wildfires)
On [[]], you told us that you were living in [uas637 preload type of home currently living[]]. Was this the place you were living in at the start of this year, before the January wildfires?
1 (YES) Yes
2 (NO) No
if hs001 = 2 then
Group of questions presented on the same screen
hs002 (type of home living before January wildfires)
Please describe the place you were living at the start of this year, before the January wildfires.
1 Single-family home
2 Condo or townhome or duplex
3 Apartment or guest house
4 Mobile or manufactured home
5 Hotel or motel unit
6 Temporary or emergency shelter
7 Outside (in a tent or public place)
8 Vehicle (car, van, truck, RV)
9 College dorm or military housing
10 Jail, prison, or correctional facility
11 Treatment or rehabilitation or convalescent facility
12 Other, please specify:
hs002_other (other type of home living before January wildfires)
STRING
End of group of questions
Else
Group of questions presented on the same screen
hs002 (type of home living before January wildfires)
Please describe the place you were living at the start of this year, before the January wildfires.
1 Single-family home
2 Condo or townhome or duplex
3 Apartment or guest house
4 Mobile or manufactured home
5 Hotel or motel unit
6 Temporary or emergency shelter
7 Outside (in a tent or public place)
8 Vehicle (car, van, truck, RV)
9 College dorm or military housing
10 Jail, prison, or correctional facility
11 Treatment or rehabilitation or convalescent facility
12 Other, please specify:
hs002_other (other type of home living before January wildfires)
STRING
End of group of questions
End of if
if hs002 in [1,2,3,4,5,9,12] then
if hs001 = 1 and preload_pu002 = response then
hs002_dummy_capital := hs002
Else
hs002_dummy_capital := hs002
hs003 (household rent, lease, or own place of living before January wildfires)
Did your household rent, lease, or own the [type of home living before January wildfires[]] you were living in at the start of the year, before the January wildfires?
1 Rent or lease
2 Own
3 No one in my household paid rent or owned it (for example, I was a guest or staying in someone else’s home)
End of if
if hs003 = 1 then
if hs001 = 1 and preload_pu009 = response then
Else
hs018 (household pay in rent per month before wildfires)
What did your household pay in rent per month for the [type of home living before January wildfires[]] you were living in at the start of the year, before the January wildfires?
RANGE 0..100000
End of if
elseif hs003 = 2 then
if hs001 = 1 and preload_pu010 = response then
Else
hs019 (household have a mortgage or loan on home before January wildfires)
Did your household have a mortgage or loan on the [type of home living before January wildfires[]] you were living in at the start of the year, before the January wildfires?
1 (YES) Yes
2 (NO) No
End of if
if hs019 = 1 then
if hs001 = 1 and preload_pu011 = response then
Else
hs020 (household pay in mortgage per month before wildfires)
What did your household pay for that mortgage or home loan per month?
RANGE 0..100000
End of if
End of if
hs004 (have homeowner insurance policy covers structural losses from wildfire before January wildfires)
Before the January wildfires, did you have a homeowner's insurance policy for your home that covers structural losses from wildfire?
1 Yes
2 No
3 Not sure
if hs004 = 2 then
hs005 (purchase homeowner insurance policy covers structural losses from wildfire during,afterJanuary wildfires)
During or after the January wildfires, did you purchase a homeowner’s insurance policy for your home that covers structural losses from wildfire?
1 (YES) Yes
2 (NO) No
End of if
hs006 (past two years insurer canceled or refused to renew homeowner insurance policy)
In the past two years, has an insurer canceled or refused to renew your homeowner’s insurance policy?
1 Yes, my policy was permanently canceled or not renewed
2 Yes, my policy was temporarily canceled but then reinstated
3 No
4 Not sure
if fire2a = 1 then
Group of questions presented on the same screen
hs007 (where living now)
Where are you living now? If the place you are living in now is the place you left or evacuated from during the January wildfires, please select the first option in the list.
1 Back in the place you left or evacuated from
OR:
2 With friends or family
3 Vacant home of a friend, relative, or acquaintance
4 Hotel or motel unit
5 Airbnb or other vacation rental
6 Temporary or emergency homeless shelter
7 Evacuation shelter or center
8 Outside (in a tent or public place)
9 Vehicle (car, van, truck, RV)
10 Place that you owned/rented prior to the wildfires
11 New home or place that you rented as a result of the wildfires
12 New home or place that you purchased as a result of the wildfires
13 College dorm or military housing
14 Jail, prison, or correctional facility
15 Treatment or rehabilitation or convalescent facility
16 Other, please specify:
hs007_other (other where living now)
STRING
End of group of questions
if hs007 in [2,3,10,11,12] then
Group of questions presented on the same screen
hs008 (type of home living now)
Please describe the type of home you are living in now.
1 Single-family home
2 Condo or townhome, or duplex
3 Apartment or guest house
4 Mobile or manufactured home
5 Other, please specify:
hs008_other (other type of home living now)
STRING
End of group of questions
if hs007 = 10 then
hs011 (household rent, lease, or own housing currently live)
Does your household rent, lease, or own the housing in which you currently live?
1 Rent or lease
2 Own
3 No one in my household pays rent or owns it (for example, I am a guest or staying in someone else’s home
elseif hs007 = 1 then
if prefire_renter = 1 then
elseif prefire_owner = 1 then
if hs007 in [4,5] then
hs012 (amount pay per night for hotel, motel, Airbnb, or temporary rental)
What do you pay per night for the hotel, motel, Airbnb, or temporary rental in which you are living?
RANGE 0..100000
End of if
Else
hs009 (still living in home or place living in at start of the year)
Are you still living in the home or place you were living in at the start of the year?
1 (YES) Yes
2 (NO) No
if hs009 = 2 then
Group of questions presented on the same screen
hs010 (type of home living now not evacuated)
Where are you living now?
1 Single-family home
2 Condo or townhome or duplex
3 Apartment or guest house
4 Mobile or manufactured home
5 Hotel or motel unit
6 Temporary or emergency shelter
7 Outside (in a tent or public place)
8 Vehicle (car, van, truck, RV)
9 College dorm or military housing
10 Jail, prison, or correctional facility
11 Treatment or rehabilitation or convalescent facility
12 Other, please specify:
hs010_other (other type of home living now not evacuated)
STRING
End of group of questions
if hs010 in [1,2,3,4,5,9,12] then
hs011 (household rent, lease, or own housing currently live)
Does your household rent, lease, or own the housing in which you currently live?
1 Rent or lease
2 Own
3 No one in my household pays rent or owns it (for example, I am a guest or staying in someone else’s home
Else
if prefire_renter = 1 then
elseif prefire_owner = 1 then
End of if
End of if
if postfire_rentnew = 1 OR postfire_rentsame = 1 then
if postfire_rentnew = 1 then
hs013 (amount household pay in rent per month for current home)
What does your household pay in rent per month for your current home?
RANGE 0..100000
End of if
hs017a (how likely able to pay rent next 6 months)
Over the next 6 months, how likely is it that your household will be able to pay the rent on time every month?
1 Very unlikely
2 Somewhat unlikely
3 Somewhat likely
4 Very likely
End of if
if postfire_ownnew = 1 then
hs014 (household have mortgage or loan on current home)
Does your household have a mortgage or loan on your current home?
1 (YES) Yes
2 (NO) No
if hs014 = 1 then
hs015 (amount household currently pay in mortgage per month)
What does your household currently pay for a mortgage or home loan per month?
RANGE 0..100000
End of if
End of if
if postfire_ownnew = 1 OR postfire_ownsame = 1 then
if postfire_ownnew = 1 then
hs016 (purchased homeowner insurance policy for new home covers structural losses from wildfire)
Have you purchased a homeowner’s insurance policy for your new home that covers structural losses from wildfire?
1 Yes
2 No
3 Not sure
End of if
if (postfire_ownsame = 1 AND (preload_pu010 = 1 OR hs019 = 1)) OR (postfire_ownnew = 1 AND hs014 = 1) then
hs017b (how likely able to pay mortgage or home loan)
Over the next 6 months, how likely is it that your household will be able to pay the mortgage or home loan on time every month?
1 Very unlikely
2 Somewhat unlikely
3 Somewhat likely
4 Very likely
End of if
End of if
fs_intro
The following are statements that people have made about their food situation. For these statements, please indicate whether the statement was often true, sometimes true, or never true for you in the last 30 days.
fs001 (worried not have enough food to eat)
The first statement is, "The food that I bought just didn't last, and I didn't have money to get more". Was that often, sometimes, or never true for you in the last 30 days?
1 Often true
2 Sometimes true
3 Never true
99 Don't know
fs002 (I couldnt afford to eat balanced meals)
"I couldn't afford to eat balanced meals." Was that often, sometimes, or never true for you in the last 30 days?
1 Often true
2 Sometimes true
3 Never true
99 Don't know
fs003 (ever cut size of meals or skip meals because not enough money for food)
In the last 30 days, did you ever cut the size of your meals or skip meals because there wasn’t enough money for food?
1 Yes
2 No
99 Don't know
if fs003 = 1 then
Group of questions presented on the same screen
fs003b (how many days cut the size of meals or skip meals)
In the last 30 days, how many days did this happen?
RANGE 1..30
fs003b_dk (dont know how many days cut the size of meals or skip meals)
OR
99 Don't know
fs003b_script
Please enter the number of days or check the "Don't know" box.
End of group of questions
End of if
fs004 (ever eat less because not enough money for food)
In the last 30 days, did you ever eat less than you felt you should because there wasn't enough money for food?
1 Yes
2 No
99 Don't know
fs005 (ever hungry but didn't eat because not enough money for food)
In the last 30 days, were you ever hungry but didn't eat because there wasn't enough money for food?
1 Yes
2 No
99 Don't know
at_intro
Now we'd like to know how you’re thinking about the January wildfires, recovery efforts, and future wildfires.
if fire001c = 1 and prefire_owner = 1 then
risk001a (plan to repair or rebuild home that was damaged)
In the next year, do you plan to repair or rebuild your home that was damaged?
1 Yes
2 No
3 Not sure
risk002a (how worried about wildfires directly affecting you or home in the next year)
Let's assume for a moment that your home is repaired or rebuilt. To what extent, if at all, are you about wildfires directly affecting you or your home in the next year?
1 Not at all worried
2 Slightly worried
3 Somewhat worried
4 Moderately worried
5 Extremely worried
risk003a (percent chance will be directly impacted by wildfires in the next year)
Assuming your home is repaired or rebuilt, what do you think is the percent chance that you or your home will be directly impacted by wildfires in the next year?
Else
risk001b (plan to stay in home or residence)
In the next year, do you plan to stay in your current home or place of residence?
1 Yes
2 No
3 Not sure
risk002b (how worried about wildfires directly affecting you or home in the next year)
Let’s assume for a moment that you stay in your current home. To what extent, if at all, are you worried about wildfires directly affecting you or your home in the next year?
1 Not at all worried
2 Slightly worried
3 Somewhat worried
4 Moderately worried
5 Extremely worried
risk003b (percent chance will be directly impacted by wildfires in the next year)
Assuming you stay in your current home, what do you think is the percent chance that you or your home will be directly impacted by wildfires in the next year?
End of if
risk004 (how bad think destruction would be)
If you or your home were directly affected by wildfires in the next year, how bad do you think the destruction would be?
1 Not at all destructive
2 Slightly destructive
3 Somewhat destructive
4 Moderately destructive
5 Extremely destructive
Group of questions presented on the same screen
attitude001 (what contributed most to January wildfires)
Which of the following do you think contributed most to the January 2025 wildfires? Select up to three.
1 Poor forest management
2 Poor water management
3 Poor utility maintenance (power lines, electrical towers etc.)
4 Arson
5 Severe weather
6 Severe weather caused by climate change
7 Poor emergency preparedness/response by local government
8 Poor emergency preparedness/response by fire department
9 Lack of fireproofing in homes
10 Other, please specify:
attitude001_other (other what contributed most to January wildfires)
STRING
End of group of questions
Group of questions presented on the same screen
attitude002_intro
How much do you approve or disapprove of the following organizations or individuals in terms of their response to the January 2025 wildfires in Los Angeles?
Subgroup of questions
attitude002a (Los Angeles Mayor Karen Bass)
Los Angeles Mayor Karen Bass
1 Strongly approve
2 Somewhat approve
3 Neither approve nor disapprove
4 Somewhat disapprove
5 Strongly disapprove
attitude002b (California Governor Gavin Newsom)
California Governor Gavin Newsom
1 Strongly approve
2 Somewhat approve
3 Neither approve nor disapprove
4 Somewhat disapprove
5 Strongly disapprove
attitude002c (President Joe Biden (prior to leaving office on January 20, 2025))
President Joe Biden (prior to leaving office on January 20, 2025)
1 Strongly approve
2 Somewhat approve
3 Neither approve nor disapprove
4 Somewhat disapprove
5 Strongly disapprove
attitude002d (President Donald Trump (after taking office on January 20, 2025))
President Donald Trump (after taking office on January 20, 2025)
1 Strongly approve
2 Somewhat approve
3 Neither approve nor disapprove
4 Somewhat disapprove
5 Strongly disapprove
attitude002i (City of Los Angeles Fire Department (LAFD))
City of Los Angeles Fire Department (LAFD)
1 Strongly approve
2 Somewhat approve
3 Neither approve nor disapprove
4 Somewhat disapprove
5 Strongly disapprove
attitude002e (Los Angeles County Fire Department)
Los Angeles County Fire Department
1 Strongly approve
2 Somewhat approve
3 Neither approve nor disapprove
4 Somewhat disapprove
5 Strongly disapprove
attitude002f (Los Angeles County Sheriff Department)
Los Angeles County Sheriff Department
1 Strongly approve
2 Somewhat approve
3 Neither approve nor disapprove
4 Somewhat disapprove
5 Strongly disapprove
attitude002g (California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CalFire))
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CalFire)
1 Strongly approve
2 Somewhat approve
3 Neither approve nor disapprove
4 Somewhat disapprove
5 Strongly disapprove
attitude002h (Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA))
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
1 Strongly approve
2 Somewhat approve
3 Neither approve nor disapprove
4 Somewhat disapprove
5 Strongly disapprove
End of subgroup of questions
End of group of questions
Group of questions presented on the same screen
attitude004_intro
Please rate how much you agree or disagree with the following statements.
Subgroup of questions
attitude004a (Property owners residing in areas that have a high-risk of wildfire should pay higher taxes to offset the cost of protecting their homes.)
Property owners residing in areas that have a high-risk of wildfire should pay higher taxes to offset the cost of protecting their homes.
1 Strongly agree
2 Somewhat agree
3 Neither agree nor disagree
4 Somewhat disagree
5 Strongly disagree
attitude004b (Property owners whose homes have been damaged or destroyed by wildfire should be allowed to rebuild in areas that have a high-risk of wildfire.)
Property owners whose homes have been damaged or destroyed by wildfire should be allowed to rebuild in areas that have a high-risk of wildfire.
1 Strongly agree
2 Somewhat agree
3 Neither agree nor disagree
4 Somewhat disagree
5 Strongly disagree
attitude004c (Property owners who rebuild in areas with high wildfire risk should be required to use fire-resistant materials and designs.)
Property owners who rebuild in areas with high wildfire risk should be required to use fire-resistant materials and designs.
1 Strongly agree
2 Somewhat agree
3 Neither agree nor disagree
4 Somewhat disagree
5 Strongly disagree
attitude004d (State or federal government should provide wildfire insurance coverage to high-risk properties if private insurers will not.)
State or federal government should provide wildfire insurance coverage to high-risk properties if private insurers will not.
1 Strongly agree
2 Somewhat agree
3 Neither agree nor disagree
4 Somewhat disagree
5 Strongly disagree
attitude004e (Property owners whose homes have been damaged or destroyed by wildfire should be given more relief funds if they rebuild their homes in areas with lower wildfire risk.)
Property owners whose homes have been damaged or destroyed by wildfire should be given more relief funds if they rebuild their homes in areas with lower wildfire risk.
1 Strongly agree
2 Somewhat agree
3 Neither agree nor disagree
4 Somewhat disagree
5 Strongly disagree
attitude004f (The state or federal government should buy out property owners in areas with a high-risk of wildfire and turn these properties into public parks or nature reserves.)
The state or federal government should buy out property owners in areas with a high-risk of wildfire and turn these properties into public parks or nature reserves.
1 Strongly agree
2 Somewhat agree
3 Neither agree nor disagree
4 Somewhat disagree
5 Strongly disagree
attitude004g (The state and local government should waive environmental and zoning regulations for property owners who seek to rebuild homes damaged or destroyed by wildfire.)
The state and local government should waive environmental and zoning regulations for property owners who seek to rebuild homes damaged or destroyed by wildfire.
1 Strongly agree
2 Somewhat agree
3 Neither agree nor disagree
4 Somewhat disagree
5 Strongly disagree
End of subgroup of questions
End of group of questions
Group of questions presented on the same screen
cm004_intro
In the next set of questions, we use "community" to refer to people living near you or within a short travel distance, such as an immediate or nearby neighborhood, town, or small city - places you go where you can meet and interact with others in a meaningful way.
Please rate how much you agree or disagree with the following statements about your community.
Subgroup of questions
cm004a (In my community, members are expected to help each other in times of need.)
In my community, members are expected to help each other in times of need.
1 Strongly disagree
2 Somewhat disagree
3 Neither agree nor disagree
4 Somewhat agree
5 Strongly agree
cm004b (In my community, members are expected to step up and assist one another during emergencies.)
In my community, members are expected to step up and assist one another during emergencies.
1 Strongly disagree
2 Somewhat disagree
3 Neither agree nor disagree
4 Somewhat agree
5 Strongly agree
cm004c (Members in my community believe they can depend on one another to overcome challenges.)
Members in my community believe they can depend on one another to overcome challenges.
1 Strongly disagree
2 Somewhat disagree
3 Neither agree nor disagree
4 Somewhat agree
5 Strongly agree
cm004d (In my community, members trust each other to provide support and assistance during times of crisis.)
In my community, members trust each other to provide support and assistance during times of crisis.
1 Strongly disagree
2 Somewhat disagree
3 Neither agree nor disagree
4 Somewhat agree
5 Strongly agree
cm004e (In my community, there is a collective understanding that everyone, regardless of background, deserves help in times of crisis.)
In my community, there is a collective understanding that everyone, regardless of background, deserves help in times of crisis.
1 Strongly disagree
2 Somewhat disagree
3 Neither agree nor disagree
4 Somewhat agree
5 Strongly agree
cm004f (Members of my community share a belief in prioritizing the needs of the most vulnerable, such as the elderly or low-income households during crises.)
Members of my community share a belief in prioritizing the needs of the most vulnerable, such as the elderly or low-income households during crises.
1 Strongly disagree
2 Somewhat disagree
3 Neither agree nor disagree
4 Somewhat agree
5 Strongly agree
cm004g (In my community, members believe in the importance of emergency preparedness for protecting ourselves.)
In my community, members believe in the importance of emergency preparedness for protecting ourselves.
1 Strongly disagree
2 Somewhat disagree
3 Neither agree nor disagree
4 Somewhat agree
5 Strongly agree
cm004h (In my community, members believe that being prepared for emergencies is essential for overcoming challenges during crises.)
In my community, members believe that being prepared for emergencies is essential for overcoming challenges during crises.
1 Strongly disagree
2 Somewhat disagree
3 Neither agree nor disagree
4 Somewhat agree
5 Strongly agree
cm004i (In my community, people provide emotional support to one another during difficult times.)
In my community, people provide emotional support to one another during difficult times.
1 Strongly disagree
2 Somewhat disagree
3 Neither agree nor disagree
4 Somewhat agree
5 Strongly agree
cm004j (In my community, there is a sense of responsibility to support one another emotionally during crises.)
In my community, there is a sense of responsibility to support one another emotionally during crises.
1 Strongly disagree
2 Somewhat disagree
3 Neither agree nor disagree
4 Somewhat agree
5 Strongly agree
cm004k (In my community, members readily share resources with each other during crises.)
In my community, members readily share resources with each other during crises.
1 Strongly disagree
2 Somewhat disagree
3 Neither agree nor disagree
4 Somewhat agree
5 Strongly agree
cm004l (In my community, members actively share information to help one another during emergencies.)
In my community, members actively share information to help one another during emergencies.
1 Strongly disagree
2 Somewhat disagree
3 Neither agree nor disagree
4 Somewhat agree
5 Strongly agree
cm004m (In my community, members stay connected and informed about the needs of others during times of crisis.)
In my community, members stay connected and informed about the needs of others during times of crisis.
1 Strongly disagree
2 Somewhat disagree
3 Neither agree nor disagree
4 Somewhat agree
5 Strongly agree
cm004n (In my community, there is a shared belief that we can recover quickly and effectively from disasters or crises.)
In my community, there is a shared belief that we can recover quickly and effectively from disasters or crises.
1 Strongly disagree
2 Somewhat disagree
3 Neither agree nor disagree
4 Somewhat agree
5 Strongly agree
cm004o (In my community, members are expected to stay strong and resilient during times of crisis.)
In my community, members are expected to stay strong and resilient during times of crisis.
1 Strongly disagree
2 Somewhat disagree
3 Neither agree nor disagree
4 Somewhat agree
5 Strongly agree
End of subgroup of questions
End of group of questions
CS_005 (any other comments about experiences)
Is there anything else you would like to tell us about your experience of the January wildfires, windstorm, or pollution or the impact these events have had on your life?
STRING
CS_001 (HOW PLEASANT INTERVIEW)
Could you tell us how interesting or uninteresting you found the questions in this survey?
1 Very interesting
2 Interesting
3 Neither interesting nor uninteresting
4 Uninteresting
5 Very uninteresting
CS_003 (comments)
Do you have any other comments on the survey? Please type these in the box below. (If you have no comments, please click next to complete this survey.)
STRING